Liverpool Street Station

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{{Infobox London station|name = London Liverpool Street | image = ] | manager = [Network Rail | zone = [Travelcard Zone 1 | locale = [Bishopsgate | borough = [City of London | start = 1874 | platforms = 18 | railexits0506 = 47.271| railcode = LST -->Liverpool Street station, also called London Liverpool Street, is a major train station and connected London Underground station in the north eastern corner of the City of London in England. It is the southern terminus of the Great Eastern Main Line, and is the main departure point from London to destinations in the East of England not served by the East Coast Main Line from London King's Cross railway station, as well as serving commuter services to parts of East London and Essex.

It is one of the busiest stations in the United Kingdom, the third busiest in London after London Victoria station and Waterloo Station with 123 million visitors each year, and one of 17 managed by Network Rail. The station has exits to Bishopsgate, Liverpool Street and the Broadgate development. It is in Travelcard Zone 1.

National Rail Destinations Liverpool Street serves destinations in the East of England including London Stansted Airport, Cambridge, Lowestoft, Great Yarmouth, Norwich, Ipswich, Chelmsford, Colchester, Braintree, Essex, Southend on Sea and the port of Harwich, as well as many suburban stations in north-eastern London, Essex and Hertfordshire. It is one of the busiest commuter stations in London. A daily express train to Harwich connects with the ferry from Harwich to Hoek van Holland, forming the Dutchflyer service.

Trains from Liverpool Street do not go to Liverpool. For that city, Euston station is the London terminus.

Almost all passenger services from Liverpool Street are operated by 'one'. It operates local and suburban services on the Great Eastern and West Anglia lines, express services to Colchester, Ipswich and Norwich, and local services in the East Anglia region. These routes are collectively known as the Greater Anglia network.

There are two weekday evening shuttle services to Barking, calling only at Stratford, which are operated by c2c.c2c - Changes to late evening and Liverpool Street services All other c2c services depart from Fenchurch Street railway station, although Liverpool Street is also used in times of engineering work. Both one and c2c are owned by National Express Group.

History locomotive in the foreground

The station was built on the site of the original Bethlem Royal Hospital, was opened to traffic on 2 February 1874 by the Great Eastern Railway and was completely operational from 1 November 1875. From this date the original terminal, Bishopsgate railway station, closed to passengers. It reopened as a goods station in 1881 but was destroyed by fire on 5 December 1964. The site is now being redeveloped as part of the extension of London Underground's East London line.

The new station was designed by the Eastern's chief engineer, Edward Wilson and was built by Mowlem on a site which had been occupied by Bethlem Royal Hospital from the 13th century to the 17th century. A Corporation of London plaque commemorating the station's construction hangs on the wall of the adjoining former Great Eastern Hotel, which was designed by Charles Barry (junior) (son of Charles Barry) and his brother Edward Middleton Barry, and also built by Mowlem The station was named after the street on which it stands, which in turn was named in honour of British Prime Minister Lord Liverpool, having been built as part of an extension of the City of London towards the end of his term in office.

The construction of the station was due to the desire of the company to gain a terminal closer to the city than the one opened by the predecessor Eastern Counties Railway, at Shoreditch, that had opened on 1 July 1840. This station was renamed "Bishopsgate" in 1846. The construction proved extremely expensive due to the cost of acquiring property and many people were displaced due to the large scale demolitions. The desire to link the GER lines to those of the sub-surface Metropolitan Railway, a link seldom used and relatively soon abandoned, also meant that the GER's lines had to drop down to below ground level from the existing viaducts east of Bishopsgate. This means that there are considerable gradients leading out of the station. Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, who was chairman of the Great Eastern in 1870, said that the Liverpool Street extension was "one of the greatest mistakes ever committed in connection with a railway."

The station was the first place in London to be hit by German Gotha bomber aircraft during World War I. The May 1917 bombing, when the station take a direct hit from 1,000 pounds of bombs, killed 162 people. During World War II a bomb that landed in Bishopsgate completely shattered the glass roofing.

Many Jewish refugee children arrived at Liverpool Street in the late 1930s, as part of the Kindertransport. In September 2006 a bronze sculpture, designed by Israeli artist and former Kindertransport refugee Frank Meisler, was unveiled at the station. There was previously a sculpture by Flor Kent on the site, but this and the adjoining display case were removed when some of the artefacts displayed within the glass case started to decay.Jenni Frazer, Kindertransport sculpture arrives at Liverpool Street, The Jewish Chronicle, 6 October 2006, accessed 16 June 2007

The station was extensively modified between 1985 and 1992, including bringing all the platforms in the main shed up to the same end point and constructing a new underground booking office, but its facade, Victorian cast-iron pillars and the memorial for Great Eastern Railway employees who died in the World War I were retained. The redevelopment coincided with the closure and demolition of neighbouring Broad Street railway station (London) and the construction of the Broadgate development in its place. Liverpool Street was officially re-opened by Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom in 1991. At this time that the giant timetable board, which is suspended above the station concourse, was installed at great expense. However due to technical difficulties there was a long delay after the official opening before it became operational. It was one of the last remaining mechanical "flapper board" display boards at a UK railway station and certainly the biggest, but was removed from service in September 2007, to be replaced by electronic boards.

The Great Eastern Hotel was extensively refurbished between 1997 and 1999 re-opening as a boutique hotel. The hotel incorporates three restaurants: "Aurora" and "Fishmarket" cater to the higher-price expense account business lunch market while "Terminus" is a mid-range brasserie to service the City workers. The complex includes a sushi bar and two pubs.

The station has been twinned with Amsterdam Centraal Station since 1993, and there is a plaque marking this fact on the concourse close to the main entrance to the Underground.

London Underground

{{London stations| name = Liverpool Street | railcode = ZLV | image = ] | manager = [London Underground | zone = [Travelcard Zone 1 | locale = [Bishopsgate | borough = [City of London | platforms = 4 | tubeexits = 50.67 | years = 1 February [ | events = Open (using mainline) | years1 = 12 July [ | events1 = Opened (Bishopsgate) | years2 = 1 November [ | events2 = Renamed (Liverpool Street) | years3 = July 28, [ | events3 = [Central Line opens (terminus) | years4 = 4 December [ | events4 = [Central Line extends(through) -->

The connected London Underground station has sub-surface railway platform (opened by the Metropolitan Railway as "Bishopsgate" on 12 July 1875) on the Circle Line, Metropolitan Line and Hammersmith & City Line lines. The Metropolitan had served main-line platforms of the GER station from 1 February 1875, but this through link had only a short life. The station was renamed Liverpool Street from 1 November 1909. A disused west-facing bay platform once used by terminating Metropolitan line and occasional District_Line trains running via Edgware_Road_tube_station is still visible.

The deep-level Central Line platforms opened on July 28, 1912, at the eastern end of the Central London Railway. The Central line was extended eastwards, as part of the war delayed London Passenger Transport Board's "New Works Programme 1935 - 1940", on 4 December 1946.

Notable events In 1993 a huge IRA bomb in Bishopsgate wrecked the station. On 7 July 2005, terrorists exploded a bomb on a London Underground train shortly after it left Liverpool Street towards Aldgate tube station on the Circle Line. Seven people were killed in the incident. For details see 7 July 2005 London bombings.

Future developments Current plans for the Crossrail service would see a new station at Liverpool Street with full mainline and underground connections.

Station closure Between 23 December 2007 and 1 January 2008, Liverpool Street station will be closed due to the East London line expansion and Network Rail works on the approach to the station.

In fiction

In the years following the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, fictional docudrama portrayals of how a terrorist organisation might seek to attack London have frequently chosen Liverpool Street station as the specific target. London under attack, first shown by the BBC One Panorama (TV series) programme in May 2004 , had a lorry containing chlorine gas explode at the junction of A10 road and Commercial Street (London), just north of Liverpool Street station. The gas cloud hung over the station, and killed 3,000 people. In a second programme, Dirty War (film), also produced by the BBC and first shown in October 2004, a suicide terrorist detonates a "dirty bomb" just outside the station, killing 200 people and rendering the area uninhabitable for 30 years. The programmers said that their programmes were backed by research and intended to be realistic imaginings. They said they chose Liverpool Street because of its position on the border between the City of London and the East End of London. The British Government denounced both programmes as "irresponsible and alarmist".

{{cite news | title = Terror programme 'irresponsible' | work = [BBC News | publisher = [bbc.co.uk | date = [2004-05-15 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3716785.stm | accessdate = 2007-06-16 | quote = 'We are disappointed to learn that the BBC appears to have adopted an irresponsible and alarmist approach over what is understandably an emotive and frightening subject for the public,' a Home Office spokesman told BBC News Online. He said the programme depicted a situation that was 'simply not realistic'. --> Since the programme aired, the spot at which the fictional bomb-carrying vehicle parked has become pedestrianised.

Andy McNab's fictional novel Dark Winter (novel) makes the station the target of a similar attack.
Liverpool Street Station is one of the four railway stations on the London version of the Monopoly (game).
A Central Intelligence Agency safe house features above the Old Broad Street entrance to Liverpool Street tube station in the film Mission: Impossible (film). In the movie, the lead character leaves the safe house and enters the main line concourse to use a payphone situated under the double staircase (since removed, with cash machine now at the spot).
In the film Stormbreaker, the lead character runs through the station to find a photo booth whereupon he is then transported to Secret Intelligence Service.